TUGAS 11 (Type of if-clause & Wish )

1.tipe if-clause :

  Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata

  Type 2

Type 2 .is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

  Type 3

Type 3 .is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.

2.      

       2. tipe wish :

  Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata

Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

Type 2 .is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

Type 3 .is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past

3.       

       3. fungsi dari masing-masing tipe :

 tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

Type 2 .is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

Type 3 .is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.

4. 10 contoh kalimat pengandaian beserta faktanya :

  I wish I knew how to dance ( I don’t know how to dance )

  I wish I had a bicycle ( I don’t have a bicycle )

  I wish I were home in bed ( I’m not home in bed )

  I wish it weren’t cold today ( It’s cold today )

  We wish we were in Bali ( We aren’t in Bali )

  I wish I had a car ( I don’t have a car )

  I wish I had a tape recorder ( I don’t have a tape recorder )

  I wish I had studied for the test ( I didn’t study for the test )

  John wishes he had finished his work ( John didn’t finish his work )

  I wish I hadn’t gone to the meeting ( I went to meeting )

TUGAS 10 Conditional Sentences

1.   Definisi 

 

Conditional Sentences merupakan kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian suatu peristiwa yang belum terjadi atau bahkan tidak mungkin terjadi. Kalimat pengandaian ini memiliki beberapa bentuk yang mewakili beragam bentuk waktu, dengan kata lain, bentuk kalimat pengandaian ini akan tergantung pada bentuk waktu peristiwa yang diandaikan.

2.  

      2.  bentuk conditional sentences

            Conditional 1

1.       IF + S + Present Tense, S + Future Tense

Conditional 2

2.       If + S + Past Tense, S + Past Future

Conditional 3

3. If + s + Past Perfect, S + Future Past Perfect

3. 10 kalimat yang menggunakan conditional sentences

~If I have the money, I will give it to you.

~ If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m.

~ I can pass this subject if I study hard

~ You must bring an umbrella if you don’t want to get wet.

~ If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus.

~ I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep

~ If he has money, he always treats us.

~ If you finish with your work, please help me

~ Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind.

~ If you have time, please meet me in my office

CONTOH KALIMAT PASSIVE (KALIMAT TANYA)

1. Should they be notified?

2. Might he have been allowed to leave?

3. Had you been told about it?

4. Will they be needed?

5. Has it been adjourned?

6. Were they being prepared?

7. Were you shown the sights?

8. Is she being shown the sights?

9. were they being prepared?

10. has it been adjourned?

CONTOH KALIMAT PASSIVE (NEGATIF)

1. We could not have been seen from the island.

                          

2. It is not being dealt with satisfactorily.

3. They were not being kept under observation.

4. You will not be held responsible.

5. They were not expected at six o’clock.

6. He will not be asked to participate.

7. You were not shown the sights.

8. She is not being shown the sights.

9. He will be asked to participate.

10. They would not have been instructed to join us.

CONTOH KALIMAT INTRANSITIVE

- Cows Walk

- Horses Run

- I will make you happy.

- I appoint him to be my assistant.

- We talked about the problem.

- She felt sorry for coming late

-  We talked about the problem.
- She felt sorry for coming late.

- They accused me of telling lies

- Birds Fly

CONTOH KATEGORI KATA KERJA INSTRANSITIVE

Subject                               

Cows

The woman

The horse

Verb

are

has fallen

continued

Complement

four-legged animals (benda)

sick (kata sifat)

running (partisip)

What is INTRASITIVE VERB

 adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

Contoh Kalimat Transitive

- He Killed a Snake

- My Mother is Sleeping

- The Baby Cries

- The Water Boils

- He drops his bottles. 

- The rain drops from the sky.
- The contestants still misunderstood then. 

- The contestants still misunderstood.
- They grow the rubber trees.
- Rice grows in the fertile soil. 

-  He played the fool.
- He laughs a hard laugh.
- He slept a sound sleep.

kategori kata kerja transitive verb

-  Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)

-  Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu)

-  Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)

- Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

- Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

- Regular & Irregular Verbs

TRANSITIVE VERB

Verbs (kata kerja) adalah kata yang menunjukkan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga untuk menunjukkan keadaan. Verbs biasanya menjadi Predikat dari suatu kalimat.

CONTOH (Active - Passive)

• Active    : He meets them everyday.
• Passive  : They are met by him everyday.

• Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
• Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days

• Active    : He met them yesterday
• Passive  : They were met by him yesterday

• Active    : She watered this plant this morning
• Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning

• Active    : He has met them
• Passive  : They have been met by him

cara merubah Active ke Passive Voice

1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + be + Verb₃ + by + Object + modifier

What is PassiveVoice

(passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh : Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months\

 

Passive voice dalam rumusnya mempunyai Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

 

 

CHOOSING FROM THE WORDS IN THE BOX!

a.       information	a.       chips	h. WYSIWYG	k. controls
b.       processing	b.       RAM	i.    graphics	l.    systems
c.        load	i.         ROM	j.    bugs	m.  scroll
d.       files

1.       Problems in programs are caused by………

2.       Silicon..................... contain a set of integrated circuits, reduced to a very small size.

3.       Obtaining..................... is done by…………… data.

4.       Software produces images which can appear on the screen as………………

5.       Memory that is permanent, cannot be written to, and can only be read, is …………..

6.       Memory into which information can be loaded and from which data can be read, is……………

7.       Operators.................... into the computer's memory a program that they want to use.

8.       Analysing ways of doing things, and of improving them, is done by…………… analysts.

9.       "What you see is what you get" explains....................

10.    A single disk can contain a large number of different...................

11.    ....................   can carry out instructions or operations when certain conditions occur.

12.    The operators.................... lines of text up the screen, so that a new line appears at the bottom and the top line disappears.

Tugas 2 CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER! (Answer in Comments)

1.The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are...
a   clerks       b   accountants       c   supervisors


2.The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives, usually known as ………..
a   vendors       b   renters       c   reps


3.The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of  finished goods or components to be  made into goods, are the ………..
a   choosers       b   procurers       c   buyers


4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the
a   packers       b   quality controllers       c   financial staff


5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or othe documents, are ...........
a   secretaries       b   editors       c   copywriters


6. The employees who check a company's financial affairs are the ............
a   statisticians       b   accountants       c   counters


7.The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and pay slips are the ............
a   wages clerks       b   filing clerks       c   paying clerks


8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer …….
a   hackers       b   operators       c   screeners


9.The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ..........a   manager       b   president       c   receptionist


10.  The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the
a   VDU operators       b   telex operators c   switchboard operators


11.The Board of ......is responsible for deciding on and controlling the strategy of a corporation or company.
a   Workers       b   Directors       c   Control


12. Small businesses depend on investors providing ………capital.
a   venture       b   individual       c   cooperative


13. Investors are influenced by the projected ………. on their capital.
a   market       b   return       c   rate


14. The capital needed to run a business is provided by ...........
a   gain       b   risk       c   investment


15. Rent and rates, which do not change as turnover volume changes, make up the .......costs of a company.
a   fixed       b   contribution       c   variable

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Speech itu dimana orang ketiga menyampaikan apa yg disampaikan oleh orang pertama kepada orang kedua, begitu kira kira yaa

Struktur Tenses dari kalimat Reported Speech , merupakan satu tingkatan tenses ke bentuk lampau. Contoh Tenses :

Direct speech	Report speech
Simple Present	Simple Past
Simple Past	Simple Past Perfect
Present Perfect	Simple Past Perfect
Past Perfect	Simple Past Perfect

*Untuk lebih mempermudah implemeentasinya bisa dilihat dari table dibawah ini :

be	have been
Will	Would
am/are/is	was/were
was/were	had been
has been	had been
had been	had been
must	had been

* Perubahan ekspresi waktu :

this (evening)	that (evening)
today/this day	that day
these (days)	those (days)
now	then
last weekend	the weekend before / the previous weekend
here	there
next (week)	the following (week)
tomorrow	the next / following day